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By now, there is much research on almost every aspect of Kanuri speaking people of Borno. Unfortunately enough, no attempt has been made, so far, to document the tooth dyeing tradition among them leaving a wide gap begging for a research. This paper therefore is an attempt to fill this lacunae by discussing the ingredients, techniques and significance of tooth dyeing among Kanuri speaking people of Borno. To achieve its goals, this study adopts a multi-disciplinary approach: a historical framework and an ethnographic framework. The paper argues that the tooth dyeing tradition has been one of the long beautiful cultural aspects of not only the Kanuris but also other people around the world. But for the Kanuris, it is used in natural ways for maturity, beauty, civilization and medical purposes such as prevention of mouth odour.

This issue is a great example for the strength at Josha. Diversity! We hope you enjoy reading our articles from all around the world. Issue 4 features articles in Spanish, Italian, German, English, from countries like Nigeria, Australia, Germany, Italy, Kosovo, Colombia, USA, Argentina in the fields of Medicine, Humanities, Music and Arts, Modeling and Simulation. In addition to the various articles we also nominated our Demetrios Award 2021 winners. Read our editorial for more information about the authors and their great work! What a joy to feel connected with the world through reading. We are looking forward to publishing with YOU!!

The study focuses on the origin, nature and effects of Clitoridectomy among Shuwa Arabs of Borno, Nigeria. Clitoridectomy comprises of various procedures which removes or damage the external female genital organs for no medical reasons or purpose. It has no health benefits and is recognized to cause severe short- and long-term damage to both physical and psychological health of the victims. The study reveals that despite the negative health consequences, yet the Shuwa Arabs still adhere to the practice and consider it as normal as the circumcision are normal in almost every other community.

Vere Gordon Childe, aged 65, the leading prehistorian of his day, died in a fall off Govetts Leap in the Blue Mountains of Australia. The manner of his death divided people. Those in contact with him during the five months of his return to Australia from the UK agreed with the coroner that the fall was accidental. He had been cheerful, friendly, optimistic and had plans to study the geology of the Blue Mountains. His colleagues in the UK, having been told that he intended to jump off a cliff when he got to Australia, took the view that he had committed suicide, attributing it the absence of a close relationship and believing that his intellectual work had come to an end. After a hiatus of several decades, there was renewed interest in Childe’s work. Even though many of his ideas had not stood the test of time and his Marxist interpretations were debunked, his role in establishing prehistory as a discipline was acknowledged.

The Together Project is a series of photo essays inspiring us to see humankind in a different light by honoring our cultural differences as well as the understanding that we’re all cut from the same cloth; we’re members of humankind. The Together Project is here to inspire you to learn about others and to ignite a sense of curiosity and compassion towards those who live in different cultures from our own. In this photo essay, Johanna shares her experience in Jodhpur, India celebrating the Holi festival. She shares her experience, the reason Holi is celebrated, as well as the health benefits of the festival.

Under a whole system scale analysis, hydrological modelling of large river basins is critical to understand the behaviour of regional phenomena and cumulative impacts. Many hydrologic models contain parameters that are difficult to measure or do not have a direct physical interpretation, so it is necessary to estimate these model parameters using a calibration procedure. However, observations for calibration and validation are only available for specific locations and more formal procedures are necessary to regionalize model parameters in areas with limited or without data. In this paper, a methodological framework for the spatial and temporal calibration of a large river basin hydrological model is proposed that uses a cluster method to group sub-catchments of the macro basin model, based on its morphometric characteristics, under the assumption that catchments in the same group share the same parameter values in the model.

Induced gingival overgrowth with medication is a side effect of systemic therapy with anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers. It can emerge in patients in close relation to a number of general variables such as age, genetic predisposition, and length of medication or local factors such as preexisting gingival inflammation. Dentists and general practitioners should be trained to make prompt diagnoses by identifying oral symptoms that indicate a systemic effect of various medications.

The most difficult thing about re-entering into the world is learning how to deal with the past and what was left behind. Some are rushing to get back to the old way of life while some of us are still struggling to make sense out of all the pain in the midst of it. Returning to the way things used to be will never happen for those who have lost family members — sometimes multiple — to a senseless virus that wreaked havoc on the way we see the world in this pandemic era.

The current volume features the full range of the Josha Journal. Students write about their experiences during Covid Lockdown, Nobel Laureate Joachim Frank talks about his scientific career. From the numerous further contributions, we like to advise George M. Weisz, “Once more on the Fate of Intellectuals in Nazi Camps”, an impressive report about intellectuals in Auschwitz.

Triple negative breast cancer is heterogeneous type of breast cancer which, due to its high proliferation, aggressiveness, rapid progression and poor prognosis, is still a challenge to treat. These characteristics, together with distant metastasis, make this breast cancer subtype resistant to standard treatment. With the lack of targeted therapy, conventional chemotherapy is still the only established treatment option, where mostly taxanes and anthracyclines are chemotherapy of choice. Therefore, there is a need for investigation and development of new effective therapy regimens with goal to improve clinical therapy outcomes. Recently, it has been reported that autophagy has a protective role in response to anti-tumor treatments in many cancer types, including breast cancer, leading to chemotherapy resistance and has gained significant interest in cancer research.